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EXAMINATION
The patient exam will include observing the patient while conducting the physical assessment and incorporating their history. As patient assessment begins, observe (inspect) the abdomen for any bruising, asymmetry or other abnormality. The exam may include auscultation, palpation and tapping. Review your local protocols for abdominal assessment details, such as recommended technique and which components of the exam should be included. Table IV provides examples of assessment demonstrations that can be found on the Internet.
Depending on a variety of factors, such as the patient's level of distress, distance to the hospital and presence of potentially life-threatening conditions, auscultation may be considered. Auscultation can help to assess the activity of bowel sounds, which may be described as clicks and gurgles. If auscultation is going to be done, consider performing it prior to palpation.
Begin palpation with gentle and shallow pressure, then progress to deeper assessment. Gentle palpation is recommended first in an effort to reduce the chance that the patient will tighten his abdominal muscles. Palpate each quadrant while keeping possible organ and system involvement in mind. As palpation occurs, observe the patient for abdominal guarding, resistance or rebound tenderness.
To assess for rebound tenderness, palpate the abdomen deeply and then quickly release the pressure. If the patient reports increased pain when pressure is released, he has rebound tenderness, which represents aggravation of the peritoneum and may indicate peritonitis.
Obtain a complete set of vital signs early during the patient assessment. Vitals should include heart rate, respirations, blood pressure and temperature, when possible, and should be reassessed every 10 minutes, or more frequently as needed.
Assessing for orthostatic vital sign changes, also referred to as postural changes, may be considered, especially if volume loss is suspected. To perform this, obtain an initial set of vital signs while the patient is either supine or sitting, then ask the patient to stand and retake his vital signs. Orthostatic changes can be noted by an increase in heart rate of approximately 20 beats or a decrease in blood pressure by up to 20 millimeters of mercury or more. Positive orthostatic changes may indicate volume depletion. A 20-10-20 rule may also be considered: a decrease in systolic blood pressure by 20, a rise in diastolic by 10, or an increase in heart rate by 20 beats per minute.23-25 Assessing for orthostatic vital signs is not recommended if the patient's initial vital signs reveal tachycardia and/or hypotension when sitting or supine.
Distal circulation and perfusion may be assessed to compare the color, texture and temperature of the legs. Check pedal or popliteal pulses for the presence of peripheral pulses.